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Kamis, 19 Juli 2012

MODALS


Bentuk modals:


Modals present
Modals past
Can
Could
May
Might
Must
Had to
Will
Would
Shall
Should
Should
-

Ada sekelompok kata yang memiliki makna/arti sama dengan modal diatas:
Can/could = be able to
May/might = probable, possible, presumable, perhaps
Must = have to
Will/shall = be going to, be about to
Should = had better, ought to, be supposed to

Makna dan Arti dari Modals

A. Modal + simple form

COULD/MAY/MIGHT

Walaupun modal could digunakan dalam conditional / pengandaian, selain untuk menyatakan kemampuan, could bisa juga digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kemungkinan. Dalam hal ini could semakna dengan may atau might; pembicara tidak yakin akan sesuatu saat dia menggunakan modal ini.
  • It might/may/could rain tomorrow = it will possibly rain tomorrow / maybe it will rain tomorrow.

SHOULD

Modal ini digunakan untuk menyatakan :

1. saran/anjuran, pendapat, atau keharusan/kewajiban.
Contoh :
  • Setiawan should study tonight = it is good idea if setiawan studies tonight.
  • Karina should go on diet = it is suggested that Karina go on diet.
2. harapan
Contoh :
  • My check should arrive next week= I hope that the check will arrive next week.

MUST

Modal ini digunakan untuk menyatakan :
1. keharusan mutlak
Dalam hal ini’must” maknanya lebih kuat ketimbang ”should”. Dengan menggunakan should, orang mempunyai pilihan: melakukan atau tidak; tapi dengan must, orang tidak punya pilihan.
Perhatikan :
  • Setiawan must call his insurance today = it is necessary for Setiawan to call the insurance today.
  • An automobile must have gasoline to run = it is obligatory for an automobile to have gasoline to run.
2. kesimpulan logis
Must digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa si pembicara menganggap sesuatu itu benar adanya berdasarkan fakta yang ada tapi kebenaran ini tidak harus mutlak.
Contoh :
  • Prabu’s lights are out. He must be asleep.
  • The grass is wet. It must be raining.

WILL/SHALL

Lihat bahasan future pada bab Tenses.

B. Modal + perfective

Modal + perfective biasanya digunakan untuk menunjukkan waktu lampau.
       

                                        Modal + have +V3/been


Harus diingat bahwa modal selalu diikuti V1 / be (simple form/bare infinitive), jadi have tak pernah berubah menjadi has ataupun had.

Could + have V3/been

Bentuk ini digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu hal sebenarnya bisa terjadi di waktu lampau.
Contoh :
  • He could have eaten ice cream = Dia sebenarnya bisa makan ice cream; ini berarti dia pada kenyataannya tidaklah makan ice cream (he didn’t eat ice cream).
  • She could have asked her brother to lift the box = Dia sebenarnya bisa menyuruh adiknya untuk mengangkat kotak; artinya kenyataannya dia tidak menyuruh, yang dengan kata lain dia-lah sendiri yang mengangkat kotak.

Might + have V3/been

Bentuk ini digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kemungkinan/praduga dari apa yang sudah terjadi di waktu lampau.
Contoh :
  • His room was still dirty, he might have forgotten to clean it. (Karena kamarnya kotor, mungkin saja dia lupa membersihkannya-atau bisa karena penyebab lain)

Should + have V3/been

Bentuk ini digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang seharusnya sudah terjadi di waktu lampau, tapi karena satu dan lain hal, hal itu tidak terjadi.
Contoh :
  • Setiawan should have gone to his office this morning. (Setiawan seharusnya sudah pergi ke kantornya tadi pagi).

Must + have V3/been

Bentuk ini digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kesimpulan logis dari apa yang telah terjadi di waktu lampau.
Harus diingat bahwa untuk menyatakan keharusan di waktu lampau hanya digunakan “had to” atau “should + have V3/been”.
Contoh :
  • The grass is wet. It must have rained last night.
  • Fini failed in the test. She must not have studied.

Kamis, 12 Juli 2012

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES


CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Kalimat Conditional atau pengandaian memiliki tiga bentuk/tipe :

FUTURE CONDITIONAL ( TYPE I )

Pengandaian ini menyatakan sesuatu yang mungkin terjadi pada waktu mendatang ataupun sekarang jika syarat atau kondisi tertentu terpenuhi.

Rumus Conditional Type 1 :


Contoh :
If I have money, I will buy a new car.


Contoh :
If he has enough time, Randi usually walks to school.


Contoh :
If you go to the post office, please mail this letter for me.

Catatan :
Unless dapat menggantikan if … not jika menyatakan kekecualian terhadap apa yang dikatakan.

Contoh :
If you don’t take more care, you’ll have an accident.
Unless you take more care, you’ll have an accident.
I want you to keep working if I tell you to stop.
I want you to keep wotking unless I tell you to stop.
If there is not a strike, the train will be running normally.
Unless there is a strike, the train will be running normally.

PRESENT CONDITIONAL ( TYPE II )

Pengandaian ini menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan apa yang ada / terjadi sekarang.

Rumus Conditional Type II


Contoh :
If I had time, I would go to the beach with you this week end.
( Saya sebenarnya tidak punya waktu sehingga saya tidak bisa pergi).

He would tell you about it if he were here.
(Dia akan mengatakan hal itu jika saja dia ada disini, sayangnya dia tidak ada disini).

CATATAN :
  • Untuk If Clause Type II, kata kerja to be yang digunakan hanya were untuk semua subjek.
  • Kata IF pada Conditional Type II dapat dihilangkan tanpa mengubah makna dengan menggunakan pola inversi.

Contoh :
If he were here, he would tell you about it.
  • Were he here, he would tell you about it.

If I were John, I would not forgive you.
  • Were I John, I would not forgive you.

Past Conditional ( Type III )

Pengandaian tipe ini menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan apa yang telah terjadi ( lampau ).


Contoh :
If we had known you were there, we would have written you a letter.
(Kalau saja kami tahu kamu berada disana, kami sudah mengirim surat padamu. Ini berarti bahwa kami tidak mengirim surat karena kami tidak tahu kamu berada disana).

Bentuk inverse untuk pola ini adalah :


Contoh di atas bila ditulis dalam pola inverse menjadi :

Had we known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.

Exercise
Rubahlah kata kerja dalam kurung ke dalam bentuk yang benar sesuai dengan konteks pola conditional yang diberikan.

1. If I were offered the job, I _______ (take) it.
2. If they had left the house earlier, they ________ (be; not) so late getting
    to the airport that they could not check their baggage.
3. If I finish the dress before Saturday, I _______ (give) it to my sister for
    her birthday.
4. If I had seen the movie, I ______ (tell) you about it last night.
5. Had Bob not interfered in his sister's marital problems, there ________
   (be) peace between them.
6. He would give you the money if he _________ (have) it.
7. She would call you immediately if she _________ (need) help.
8. Had they arrived at the sale early, they _________ (find) a better
    selection.
9. I you have enough time, please ________ (paint) the chair before
   you leave!
10. He would understand it if you __________ (explain) it to him
   more slowly.

Soal-soal Latihan Kompetensi
Conditional
1. If I ______ the flu I would have gone with you.
   A. hadn't 
   B. didn't have 
   C. have
   D. hadn't had 
   E. wouldn.t have had

2. 'Will you come to the meeting?'
    'If you come, I ________.'
    A. come      C. do             E. too
    B. will         D. am

3. If you took the clothes to the laundry now, they ______.
   A. had washed                   D. will wash
   B. has been washed            E. would be washed
   C. will be washed

4. If he prepared his lesson, he ______ his examinations.
   A. passed            D. would have passed
   B. would pass      E. would be passed
   C. had passed

5. He ________ if I had not reminded him.
    A. may forget        C. may forgot            E. might have forgotten
    B. must forget        D. should forget

6. We ____ the work if we had been given enough time.
    A. finished               D. could have finished
    B. would finish         E. could be finished
    C. could finish

7. He didn't pass his exams. If he had studied harder, he _______.
    A. can pass                D. can passed it
    B. could pass              E. will pass it
    C. could have passed

8. If someone had taken her book, she _____ the teacher.
   A. would have told to            D. had told it
   B. would have told                E. would told it to
   C. will have told it

9. 'I didn't know that Tutui was at home.'
    '_________.'
    A. If I did, I would come and see her
    B. If I had known, I would have come and seen her
    C. If I knew, I came and saw her
    D. If I have known, I have come and seen her
    E. If I know, I'll come and see her

10. It rained very hard this morning, but mother didn't have an umbrella
     with her.
     We may conclude that ______.
     A. If she had an umbrella, she didn't get wet
     B. If she had an umbrella, she could not get wet
     C. If she has an umbrella, she will not get wet
     D. If she has an umbrella, she would not be wet
     E. If she had had an umbrella, she would not have been wet

11. I could never have finished my work if my brother _____ me.
     A. didn' help                  E. wasn't helping
     B. hasn't helped
     C. hadn't helped
     D. doesn't help

12. When the little boy saw the dog, he ran away and was bitten.
     We can conclude that _________.
     A. If he hadn't ran away, he wouldn't have been bitten
     B. If he doesn't run away, he won't be bitten
     C. If he ran away, he wouldn't be bitten
     D. If he hasn't run away, he would be bitten
     E. unless he run away, he wouldn't be bitten

13. They climbed higher so that they got a better view.
     We can also say ________.
     A. If they had not climbed higher, they would not have got a better view
     B. If they didn't climb higher, they wouldn't get a better view
     C. If they didn't climb higher, they didn't get a better view
     D. If they don't climb higher, they won't get a better view
     E. If they won't climb higher, they don't get a better view

14. 'It is good that Ann reminded me about Prabu's birthday.'
     “_______________.”
    A. I would have forgotten if she hadn't reminded me
    B. I will forget it if she doesn't remind me
    C. I might forget it if she doesn't remind me
    D. I would forget it if she didn't remind me
    E. I could not forget it if she hadn't remind me

15. 'I am sorry our football team has lost.'
     '______________.'
     A. You wouldn't, if you trained harder
     B. You won't, if you train harder
     C. You wouldn't, if you would train harder
     D. You wouldn't have, if you had trained harder
     E. You don't, if you have trained harder

16. If the mechanic had done his work properly, you _____ no problems
     with your car yesterday.
     A. would have had        C. would have           E. will have
     B. havr had                  D. had haf

17. 'If they had known that the flood was coming, they wouldn't have been
      stayed in their house.' Means ______________.
     A. They knew that the flood was coming; therefore, they stayed in
          their house
     B. They decided to stay in their house although the flood was coming
     C. They couldn't stay in their house because they knew that the flood
          was coming
     D. They didn't know that the flood was coming; therefore, they stayed
          in their house
     E. They didn't want to stay in their house because they knew that
         the flood was coming

18. Rudi would have lost his way in London if he hadn't been able to speak
     English well.
     The above sentence means '___________.'
     A. Rudy got lost because his English was poor
     B. Although Rudi's English was good, he got lost
     C. As Rudi could not communicate in English, he got lost
     D. In spite of his good English, Rudi did not get lost
     E. Rudi didn't get lost because his English was good

20. “It's beginning to rain.”
     “_______, we won't be able to finish the ball game.”
     A. If it stops
     B. Should stop
     C. Unless it stops
     D. If it didn't stop
     E. Had it not stopped

Rabu, 11 Juli 2012

SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN KOMPETENSI TENSE

Soal-soal Latihan Kompetensi
Tenses

1. The team _____ along the river when they accidently found a big cave.
    A. were walking       C. walked           E. are walking
    B. walk                     D. will walk

2. Dewi : What was your sister doing when you arrived home last night?
   Tono : She ________ in the kitchen.
    A. cooks              C. has cooked            E. was cooking
    B. is cooking       D. has been cooking

3. “What a beautiful voice. She is a talented singers.”
    “She ________ since she was a child.”
    A. sang      C. had been singing       E. has been singing
    B. sings      D. is singing

4. Acah : When will your sister finish her study?
    Anto : I hope she ________ by July next year.
    A. will have graduated
    B. has garduated
    C. will graduate
    D. is going to graduate
    E. intends to graduate

5. 'I have been waiting to go around the world?'
    The above sentence means the speaker _________.
    A. has never done it
    B. has seen a lot of the world
    C. is travelling around the world
    D. doesn't have to go around the world
    E. has often been back from around the world

6. X : Can I have your report on the last week's study tour to Lampung?
    Y: I'm still working on it. But I _______ it by the time you're back
    from the meeting.
    A. am going to      C. will have finished E. am finishing
    B. have finished    D. will finish

7. Mr. Dedet leaves Surabaya for Medan by GIA 707 at 9 a.m. he ____
    there.
    A. arrive              C. will have arrived     E. arrived
    B. was arriving   D. will arrive

8. 'I didn't meet Steve when I visited him yesterday.'
    'Oh, he _____ for Singapore to see his parents.'
    A. will leave      C. would leave       E. had left
    B. has left          D. is leaving

9. 'When did you take the academic writing course?'
    'Last year, after _______ composition II.'
    A. complete        C. was completing    E. have completed
    B. to complete    D. had completed

10. 'As a student, I always had instant noodles for breakfast.'
     This means that I ________ for breakfast.
     A. am having instant noodles
     B. like to have instant noodles
     C. am used to having instant noodles
     D. have instant noodles
     E. used to have instant noodles

11. 'Several hotels in this region are closing down.'
     'That's because tourism itself _______ since last year.'
     A. is declining       C. had declining             E. declined
     B. was declining   D. has been declining

12. The book that I ______ in the classroom was found by Ali.
     A. had left                   C. was leaving              E. have left
     B. would have left      D. had been leaving

13. 'Wher is Tanti?'
      'Idon't know. In fact I _____ any of our friend since I arrived.
      A. did not see                  C. was not seeing        E. had not seen
      B. have not seen             D. do not see

14. 'What are you looking for?'
      'My wallet. I don't know where I ____ it.'
      A. have been putting         C.have put             E. had put
      B. was putting                   D. am putting

15. Naryo and I will wait at the corner until you ____ with a car.
      A are coming       D. will be coming
      B. will come         E. came
      C. come

16. 'I have written three letters' means:
      A. I am still writing now
      B. I have to write now
      C. I haven't finished writing yet
      D. I am not writing anymore
      E. I hope to finish writing

17. 'Anwar was promoted president of your company last week, wasn't he?'
      'I'm glad he was; he ____ in this company for years.'
      A. had worked         C. has been working       E. was working
      B. would work         D. worked

18. 'Could you pleasebook me on the next flight to Mexico City?'
      'I'm sorry, Sir. Our airline _____ to Mexico City.'
      A. will not fly       C. doesn't fly                     E. has not been flying
      B. did not fly        D. were not able to fly

19. 'Did you see the children when you came home this afternoon?'
      'No, they _____ their teacher in Priok.'
      A. visited               C. would have visited      E. were visiting
      B. had visited        D. to visit

20. 'Since when hasn't she been feeling well?'
       'Since she ______ from Singapore.'
       A. returned           C. has been returning       E. was returning
       B. has returned    D. had returned

21. 'Do you think the bus driver is speeding?'
      'Yes, I'm afraid he ______ the lives of the passenggers.'
      A. endanger
      B. will endanger
      C. would have endangered
      D. endangers
      E. would endanger

22. 'Have the boys had their breakfast?'
       'Not yet, they ________.'
      A. have taken a bath
      B. are still taking a bath
      C. will take a bath
      D. were taking a bath
      E. would still take a bath

23. 'Which paintings will be exhibited tomorrow?'
       'We do not know yet, a team _________.'
       A. is still selecting them
       B. will still be selecting
       C. has been selecting
       D. stillselects
       E. were still selecting

24. 'The anthropologist has been studying that tribe for the last five years.'
       means 'he ________ tribe.'
       A. has finished studying
       B. studied
       C. was studying
       D. had studied
       E. is still studying

25. 'What is your plan for this weekend?'
      'I _______ my brother.'
      A. will have visited
      B. have visited
      C. will have been visiting
      D. visited
      E. will visit

26. 'Why were you absent from the English class?'
       'Because I ______ my homework.'
       A. don't do           D. am not doing
       B. won't do           E. hadn't done
       C. haven't done

27. 'Why were her eyes red?'
      'Because ________.'
      A. she cries                         D. she has been crying
      B. she is crying                   E. she has cried
      C. she had been crying

28. The bus came after I _______ for about forty minutes.
      A. have been waiting     D. had been waiting
      B. have waited                E. was waiting
      C. am waiting

29. The engine ______ smoothly when it suddenly stopped.
      A. runs E. was running
      B. running
      C. has run
      D. is running

30. 'All students had just left the classroom when the mathematics teacher
       came in.'
       From this sentence we may conclude that _______.
       A. the students came late for the mathematics class
       B. the teacher cancelled the mathematics class
       C. the mathematics class started late today
       D. there was no mathematics class that day
       E. the teacher asked the students to leave the class

31. He put out the light. Then he locked the door.
      The above sentences can be joined as follows:
      A. When he lock the door, he put out the light
      B. He would put out the light if he locked the door
      C. He had put out the light before he locked the door
      D. He put out the light after he locked the door
      E. While he was locking the door, he put out the light

32. She ________ the shoes for five minutes when one of the heels
       came off.
      A. am only wearing
      B. was only wearing
      C. had only been wearing
      D. have only been wearing
      E. only wore

33. 'How long has he been the principle of our school?'
       'Since I _______ this school.'
       A. was entering         C. had entered              E. entered
       B. have entered        D. had been entering

34. I didn't hear the thunder during the storm last night because I _______
       soundly.
      A. have been sleeping     C. am sleeping       E. had slept
      B. have slept                    D. was sleeping

35. Indri has bought a cassette player last week and she ________ to
      music ever since.

     A. has been listening E. listened
     B. would have listened
     C. was listening
     D. will be listening